歐洲右翼勢力擴張之際，德國另類選擇黨重新思考反歐元根源

米蘭達・莫瑞報導By Miranda Murray

柏林11月2日（路透社）——極右翼的德國另類選擇黨（Alternative for Germany，AfD）成立於10多年前，當時是為了反對歐盟處理歐元危機的方式；如今，隨著該黨與其海外右翼盟友的影響力上升，AfD正重新調整其歐洲願景。BERLIN, Nov 2 (Reuters) - The far-right Alternative for Germany, founded more than a decade ago in opposition to the EU's handling of the euro crisis, is recalibrating its vision for Europe as it and its right-wing allies abroad gain influence.

AfD在9月薩克森-安哈特邦地方選舉中取得歷史性勝利後，這個如今在全國民調中最受歡迎的德國政黨，似乎比以往任何時候都更接近在本十年結束前進入聯邦政府。After a historic victory in a regional election in Saxony-Anhalt in September, Germany's most popular party in nationwide surveys now appears closer than ever to entering government at national level before the end of the decade.

這一前景正引發辯論：AfD要如何在反建制身分與對國內外潛在盟友展現可信合作夥伴形象之間取得平衡。The prospect is prompting debate over how to balance an anti-establishment identity with the need to appear as a credible partner to potential allies at home and abroad.

AfD於2013年成立，當時民眾對歐元區其他負債沉重成員國的紓困感到憤怒；該黨一開始是一場反對共同貨幣的運動。Founded in 2013 amid anger over bailouts for heavily indebted fellow members of the euro zone, the AfD began life as a movement opposed to the common currency.

雖然AfD後來把批評範圍擴大到歐盟本身，但它最主要是靠反移民立場獲得支持。反對者與德國國內情報機關指出，這一路線危險地接近曾在德國近代歷史留下傷痕的優越主義和仇外情緒。While it later expanded its criticism to the European Union itself, it gained traction above all with its opposition to immigration - a line that opponents, and the domestic intelligence agency, say strays perilously close to the supremacism and xenophobia that scarred Germany's recent past.

極右翼意識形態在歐洲各地取得進展FAR-RIGHT IDEOLOGY GAINS GROUND ACROSS EUROPE

AfD否認極端主義指控，而該黨許多成員如今主張，隨著更激進右翼觀點日益被接受，歐洲其他地方理念相近政黨的影響力也不斷擴大，從內部改革歐盟比完全放棄歐盟更有成效。The AfD rejects allegations of extremism, and many members now argue that increasing acceptance of more radical right-wing views and the growing sway of like-minded parties elsewhere in Europe make reforming the bloc from within more productive than abandoning it altogether.

AfD聯邦議員塞巴斯蒂安・明岑邁爾（Sebastian Muenzenmaier）說：「自第二次世界大戰結束以來，按照我們願景改革歐盟的前景從未如此看好。」"Never since the end of the Second World War have the prospects for reforming the EU in line with our vision been better," said AfD national lawmaker Sebastian Muenzenmaier.

但退出歐元的目標——這是AfD許多創黨者與早期支持者所珍視的主張——已證明更難處理。But the aim of quitting the euro - dear to many of the AfD's founders and early supporters - has proved harder to address.

黨內較年輕的成員，例如29歲的青年組織「德國世代」（Generation Deutschland）主席尚-帕斯卡・霍姆（Jean-Pascal Hohm），主張對歐洲採取強硬立場，可能讓AfD通往聯邦執政的最現實路徑變得複雜：也就是最終與總理梅爾茨（Friedrich Merz）的保守派基督教民主聯盟（基民黨，CDU）合作；基民黨目前排除任何結盟可能。Younger members such as Jean-Pascal Hohm, 29-year-old head of the party's youth wing, Generation Deutschland, argue that hardline positions on Europe could complicate the AfD's most realistic route to federal power: eventual cooperation with Chancellor Friedrich Merz's conservative Christian Democrats (CDU), who currently rule out any alliance.

上個月，AfD共同主席魏德爾在史特拉斯堡的歐洲議會，與歐洲主權國家（Europe of Sovereign Nations，ESN）黨團盟友一同提出一份題為「歐洲新政」（New Deal for Europe）的戰略文件。Last month, AfD co-leader Alice Weidel presented a strategy paper at the European Parliament in Strasbourg on a "New Deal for Europe" alongside allies in the Europe of Sovereign Nations (ESN) grouping.

這份文件把重點從退出歐元區和歐盟，轉向重新談判條約以建立一個更鬆散的聯盟。The paper shifts the emphasis away from quitting the euro zone and the EU, focusing instead on renegotiating treaties to establish a looser union.

文件提議，對於拒絕共同國防支出或移民政策等共同政策的成員，設立「選擇退出」機制，並更嚴格執行預算規則——同時保留繼續使用歐元的可能性。It proposes an "opt-out" mechanism for members who reject common policies on defence spending or immigration, for example, as well as stricter enforcement of budget rules - leaving open the possibility of retaining the euro.

文件建議，若改革努力失敗，德國未來的歐洲方向問題將由公投決定。Should reform efforts fail, the paper suggests the issue of Germany's future European direction would be decided by referendum.

AfD盼打造「各祖國組成的歐洲」AFD HOPES FOR 'EUROPE OF FATHERLANDS'

魏德爾告訴記者，AfD與ESN主張的是「歐洲的聯合，一個各祖國組成的歐洲」，但她拒絕說明自己是否仍希望德國退出歐元區或歐盟。Weidel told journalists that the AfD and ESN stood for "a European union, a Europe of fatherlands" but declined to say whether she still wanted Germany to leave the euro zone or the EU.

若AfD擱置反對歐元與歐盟的立場，它將走上歐元區其他地方已取得成功的極右翼政黨早已踏過的道路。By setting aside its opposition, the AfD would be following a path already trodden by far-right parties that have had success elsewhere in the euro zone.

法國國民聯盟長期主張放棄歐元，但在瑪琳・雷朋（Marine Le Pen）領導下，為了擴大吸引力，逐步放棄這項訴求；該黨如今是明年總統大選的勝選熱門。France's National Rally long campaigned to abandon the euro but gradually dropped that demand under Marine Le Pen as it sought to broaden its appeal, and is now favourite to win next year's presidential election.

在義大利，總理喬治亞・梅洛尼（Giorgia Meloni）所屬的義大利兄弟黨（Brothers of Italy）上台後，已收斂其歐洲懷疑論言辭，選擇從歐盟內部追求自身目標。In Italy, Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni's Brothers of Italy has reined in its eurosceptic rhetoric since taking office, opting to pursue its objectives from within the EU.

更接近德國的奧地利極右翼自由黨（FPOe）與AfD關係密切；該黨在邁向參與全國執政聯盟、分享權力的過程中，放棄了多數反歐洲立場。Closer to home, Austria's far-right Freedom Party (FPOe), which has close ties to the AfD, renounced most of its anti-European positions on its way towards a share of power in national ruling coalitions.

卡塞爾大學（Kassel University）政治學教授沃夫岡・施羅德（Wolfgang Schroeder）說：「奧地利可作為AfD的藍圖。」"Austria serves as a blueprint for the AfD," said Wolfgang Schroeder, a political science professor at Kassel University.

施羅德說：「從這個意義上說，他們放棄這些立場大概只是時間問題。」他並補充說，他不認為這會引發重大阻力。"In that sense, it's probably just a matter of time before they drop these positions," Schroeder said, adding that he did not think this would trigger significant resistance.

以出口為基礎的德國經濟受益於歐盟成員身分EXPORT-BASED GERMAN ECONOMY BENEFITS FROM EU MEMBERSHIP

他說，無論如何，德國經濟與全球市場高度交織，且由出口驅動，因此離開歐盟或歐元將是一場災難。In any case, Germany's economy is so intertwined with the global market and driven by exports that leaving the EU or the euro would be a disaster, he said.

「在這些條件下，像希特勒1933年推行的那種自給自足運動幾乎不可能，除非有人願意冒整個國民經濟崩潰的風險。」"An autarky movement such as the one Hitler developed in 1933 is virtually impossible under these conditions, unless one is willing to risk the collapse of the entire national economy."

霍姆在AfD的年輕同僚也提出類似論點，稱歐洲政治現實正在變化，加上來自中國的競爭日益加劇，以及美國可靠性下降，都使歐盟內部更需要合作，而不是更少合作。Hohm's younger AfD colleagues make a similar argument, saying Europe's changing political realities, as well as growing competition from China and a less reliable United States, make the case for more, not less, cooperation in the bloc.

霍姆說：「如果我們基本上取消共同貨幣，讓每個人又各走各的路，那完全是烏托邦式想法，也會對我們造成巨大傷害。」"If we were to basically cancel the common currency and everyone goes their own way again, that is completely utopian and that would also do us massive damage," Hohm said.

「年輕歐洲人無論國籍為何，更常把自己視為歐洲人，也比較不願繼續打祖父母輩的衝突。」"Young Europeans, regardless of nationality, more often see themselves as Europeans and are less willing to continue fighting the conflicts of their grandparents."

但就整個政黨而言，這個問題遠未定案。But in the party as a whole, the issue is far from settled.

霍姆在8月的一場黨代表大會上提出一項決議，內容寫道：「德國世代致力於歐洲理念……歐洲不只是經濟區，不只是貨幣聯盟，也不只是歐盟。」Hohm submitted a resolution at a congress in August that read: "Generation Deutschland is committed to the European idea … Europe is more than an economic area, more than a monetary union and more than the European Union."

然而，儘管這項決議的措辭著重強調歐盟在強化共同歷史與傳承方面的角色，而非經濟合作，但在未能獲得足夠支持後仍遭撤回。Yet although the resolution was phrased to emphasise the EU's role in reinforcing shared history and heritage, rather than economic cooperation, it was withdrawn after failing to gain sufficient support.

他說：「歐元議題結果比我們預期更具爭議。」"The euro issue turned out to be more controversial than we had expected," he said.

（米蘭達・莫瑞報導；凱文・利菲編輯）(Reporting by Miranda Murray; Editing by Kevin Liffey)