維和人員撤離西撒哈拉之際，難民渴望結束半世紀等待

阿爾及利亞廷杜夫，11月2日（路透社）——51歲的比妮娜・穆罕默德（Binina Mohamed）與迫使她離開西撒哈拉地區、遷入阿爾及利亞南部一座難民營的衝突同年。她一生都在這裡度過，身邊還有數以萬計命運相似的人。TINDOUF, Algeria, Nov 2 (Reuters) - At 51, Binina Mohamed is as old as the conflict that drove her from the Western Sahara region into a refugee camp in southern Algeria, where she has spent her life among tens of thousands of others facing a similar fate.

圍繞她故鄉的對峙，常被形容為非洲延續最久的領土爭端。上週末，聯合國安全理事會的一場爭執導致當地延續數十年的維和任務告終，使這場爭端再度成為焦點。The confrontation over her native land, often described as Africa's longest-running territorial dispute, was brought back into focus this weekend by a UN Security Council spat that led to the end of a decades-old peacekeeping mission there.

西撒哈拉衝突的一方是認為該領土屬於本國的摩洛哥，另一方則是阿爾及利亞支持的波利薩里奧陣線（Polisario Front）。這個政治與軍事組織自前殖民強權西班牙於1976年撤離後，就一直尋求在當地建立獨立國家。1991年，聯合國斡旋達成停火，結束雙方多年游擊戰，此後維和人員便一直在當地監督局勢。The Western Sahara conflict pits Morocco, which considers the territory its own, against the Algeria-backed Polisario Front, a political and military organisation that has been seeking a separate state there since the departure of former colonial power Spain in 1976. Peacekeepers have watched over the territory since 1991, when the UN brokered a ceasefire ending years of guerrilla warfare between the two sides.

數以千計撒拉威人因戰事逃往阿爾及利亞西南部廷杜夫一帶，波利薩里奧陣線在當地管理5座難民營。Thousands of Sahrawis fled hostilities to the Tindouf area in southwestern Algeria, where the Polisario administers five refugee camps.

在波利薩里奧陣線安排外國媒體罕見訪問該地區期間，穆罕默德描述，她如今20多歲和30多歲的女兒們，從未到過她的故鄉。During a rare visit to the region for foreign media outlets, organised by the Polisario, Mohamed described how her daughters, now in their twenties and thirties, had never visited the region where she was from.

她告訴路透社：「我不希望她們到了50歲，卻還沒見過自己的家園。」"I do not want them to reach the age of 50 without seeing their homeland," she told Reuters.

她的一名女兒、33歲的薩菲亞・薩利赫（Safia Al-Saleh）表示，她希望自己的兩個孩子能有不同的未來。One of her daughters, Safia Al-Saleh, 33, said she hoped her own two children would have a different future.

她說：「我希望我的孩子和孫子女能在自己的國家讀書、長大，不要像我們一樣，在這裡以難民身分長大，一無所有。」"I want my children and my grandchildren to study and grow up in their own country, not to grow up like us here, as refugees, with nothing," she said.

外交陷入僵局DIPLOMACY IN DEADLOCK

穆罕默德等難民面臨的不確定處境，已成為最近這場西撒哈拉外交角力的核心爭議點。The uncertainty facing refugees such as Mohamed has become a central point of contention in the latest diplomatic battle over Western Sahara.

這項爭端去年升溫，當時聯合國安理會支持拉巴特的計畫，也就是在摩洛哥主權下給予該地區自治，認為這是解決衝突「最可行」的方式。The dispute heated up last year when the UN Security Council backed Rabat's plan to give the region autonomy under Moroccan sovereignty as the "most feasible" way to resolve the conflict.

俄羅斯去年投下棄權票，今年則否決了一項由美國起草、原本將重申這一立場的決議案。另一項由俄羅斯提出的競爭性決議案也遭否決，使聯合國特派團未能延長授權。After abstaining last year, Russia this year vetoed a US-drafted resolution that would have reaffirmed that position. When a competing Russian resolution was defeated, it left the UN mission without a renewal of its mandate.

阿爾及利亞駐聯合國代表在安理會發言時，為波利薩里奧陣線的立場辯護，並強調援助減少，以及難民營內難民承受的苦難。In a speech at the council, Algeria's UN envoy defended the Polisario's stance and highlighted a decline in aid and the suffering of refugees in the camps.

摩洛哥代表則表示，難民營內艱困環境應由阿爾及利亞負責；阿爾及利亞是俄羅斯長期盟友，他指控阿爾及利亞剝奪難民返鄉權利。他敦促阿爾及爾允許聯合國登記難民，並稱當地還有其他國籍人士。Morocco's envoy in turn said the harsh conditions in the camps were the responsibility of Algeria, a longtime Russian ally, which he accused of denying the refugees their right to return home. He urged Algiers to allow the UN to register the refugees, saying other nationalities were present there.

阿爾及利亞和波利薩里奧陣線表示，廷杜夫難民營內住有超過16萬人。聯合國難民署表示，該署向當地估計9萬名「最脆弱」難民提供援助。Algeria and the Polisario say over 160,000 live in the Tindouf refugee camps. UNHCR says it provides assistance to an estimated 90,000 of the "most vulnerable" refugees there.

摩洛哥以缺乏聯合國人口普查為由，質疑上述兩項數字，並指控波利薩里奧陣線和阿爾及利亞把撒拉威人當成政治棋子；阿爾及爾否認這項說法。Morocco disputes both numbers, citing a lack of a UN census, and accuses the Polisario and Algeria of using Sahrawis as political pawns, which Algiers denies.

隨著爭端持續僵持，穆罕默德的家人描述了難民營內的日常問題，包括取水和嚴酷氣候。As the dispute grinds on, Mohamed's family described daily problems in the camp, including access to water and the harsh climate.

世界糧食計畫署今年稍早在一份聲明中表示，難民營超過80%的居民仰賴人道援助來滿足基本糧食需求。More than 80% of the camps' residents rely on humanitarian assistance to meet basic food needs, the World Food Programme said in a statement earlier this year.

穆罕默德另一名女兒、24歲的艾莎・薩勒姆（Aisha Salem）是波利薩里奧陣線戰士。她說，她希望下一代能有不同的未來：「我們不想像祖父母那樣，在流離失所和匱乏中生活。」Another of Mohamed's daughters, Aisha Salem, a 24-year-old fighter with the Polisario Front, said she wanted a different future for the next generation: "We don’t want to live the way our grandparents did, through displacement and deprivation," she said.

穆罕默德也表達同樣感受。她說：「我們想要穩定。我們已經厭倦當難民。沒有土地的人，就沒有生活。」Mohamed echoed the sentiment. "We want stability. We are tired of being refugees," she said. "The one who has no land has no life."

（Abdelaziz Boumzar採訪報導；Dina Sakr撰稿；Alexander Dziadosz與William Maclean編輯）(Reporting by Abdelaziz Boumzar; Writing by Dina Sakr; Editing by Alexander Dziadosz and William Maclean)