世界銀行任命諾貝爾獎得主麥可・克雷默為下一任首席經濟學家

安德里亞・沙拉爾（Andrea Shalal）報導By Andrea Shalal

路透華盛頓9月16日電——世界銀行（World Bank）週三宣布，任命諾貝爾獎得主、芝加哥大學（University of Chicago）教授麥可・克雷默為下一任首席經濟學家，接替上月退休的印德米特・吉爾（Indermit Gill）。WASHINGTON, Sept 16 (Reuters) - The World Bank on Wednesday named Nobel laureate and University of Chicago professor Michael Kremer as its next chief economist, succeeding Indermit Gill, who retired last month.

現年61歲的克雷默於2019年與艾絲特・杜芙若（Esther Duflo）及阿比吉特・班納吉（Abhijit Banerjee）共同獲得諾貝爾經濟學獎，表彰他們以實驗方法減緩全球貧窮。他過去曾在哈佛大學（Harvard University）教授經濟學。Kremer, 61, won the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 2019 jointly with Esther Duflo and Abhijit Banerjee for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty. He previously taught economics at Harvard University.

他將於10月1日履新，時間略早於世界銀行與國際貨幣基金（International Monetary Fund）在泰國曼谷舉行的年會。He starts his new role on October 1, shortly before the annual meetings of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund in Bangkok, Thailand.

克雷默以運用嚴謹研究為現實問題發展創新解方聞名，常設計相關計畫，協助小農，並讓數百萬人取得疫苗與學校健康計畫。Kremer is known for using rigorous research to develop innovative solutions to real-world problems, often setting up programs that have helped small farmers and given millions of people access to vaccines and school health programs.

世界銀行總裁阿賈伊・班加（Ajay Banga）在聲明中表示：「麥可的職涯不只是找出發展領域中哪些做法有效，更證明這些做法可以擴大規模——而這正是我們需要的思維。」"Michael has spent his career not just identifying what works in development, but proving it at scale — and that is exactly the kind of thinking we need,” World Bank President Ajay Banga said in a statement.

「他加入我們之際，世界正需要大膽解方，以因應最迫切的發展挑戰，包括為未來10年將達工作年齡的逾12億年輕人，創造符合其期望的就業機會。」"He joins us at a time when the world needs bold solutions to its most urgent development challenges, including creating jobs that meet the aspirations of more than 1.2 billion young people reaching working age in the coming decade."

克雷默加入世界銀行之際，開發中國家正因美國對伊朗戰爭後的利率上升與能源價格走高而苦苦因應。除此之外，2025年官方發展援助也下滑23%，創有紀錄以來最大跌幅，其中美國占最大比重。Kremer joins the bank as developing countries grapple with rising interest rates and higher energy prices in the wake of the U.S. war against Iran. Those challenges come on top of a 23% drop in official development assistance in 2025, the sharpest on record, with the U.S. responsible for the lion's share.

他是第一位帶著諾貝爾獎頭銜加入世界銀行的經濟學家。包括約瑟夫・史迪格里茲（Joseph Stiglitz）和保羅・羅默（Paul Romer）在內的其他人，都是在擔任首席經濟學家任期結束後才獲得這項榮譽。He is the first economist to come to the bank with a Nobel in hand. Others, including Joseph Stiglitz and Paul Romer, received the honor after their tenure as chief economist.

克雷默目前擔任芝加哥大學發展創新實驗室（Development Innovation Lab）主任，他的研究聚焦於開發中國家的教育、健康、水資源、金融與農業創新。Kremer currently serves the director of the Development Innovation Lab at the University of Chicago, where his research has been focused on innovation in education, health, water, finance, and agriculture in developing countries.

克雷默在聲明中表示：「世界銀行集團（World Bank Group）擁有龐大的研究能力，可發展並測試解決發展問題的創新方案，也具備將這些方案擴大規模、改善人民生活的業務觸角。」“The World Bank Group has tremendous research capacity to develop and test innovative solutions to development problems—and the operational reach to scale them up and improve people's lives,” Kremer said in a statement.

他表示，世界面臨龐大挑戰，但新科技提供了促進成長的機會。The world faced enormous challenges, but new technologies offered opportunities to boost growth, he said.

2024年，克雷默在世界銀行一場題為「巨大的不連貫：停滯時代的成長與人類發展」（The Great Incoherence: Growth and Human Development in an Era of Stagnation）的活動中發表主題演講。In 2024, Kremer gave a keynote speech at a World Bank event titled "The Great Incoherence: Growth and Human Development in an Era of Stagnation."

在那場演講中，他呼籲推動改革，協助各國達成具企圖心的發展目標，包括資助創新試點計畫，並鼓勵新科技研究。這些主題也是班加自2023年上任以來持續強調的重點。In that speech, he called for reforms to help countries meet ambitious development goals, including by funding innovative pilot projects and incentivizing research on new technologies, themes stressed by Banga since he took office in 2023.

克雷默的妻子是英國經濟學家瑞秋・格倫納斯特（Rachel Glennerster）。格倫納斯特曾任職於英國政府與國際貨幣基金，並於2024年9月出任華盛頓全球發展中心（Center for Global Development）總裁。Kremer is the husband of Rachel Glennerster, a British economist who served work for the UK government and the International Monetary Fund before becoming president of the Center for Global Development in Washington in September 2024.

兩人在2009年「盡我所能捐贈」（Giving What We Can）成立之初便加入該非營利組織。該組織逾1萬名成員承諾將收入的10%捐給有效慈善機構。Both joined Giving What We Can, a nonprofit group whose 10,000-plus members pledge to give 10% of their income to effective charities, when it was first launched in 2009.

2010年，他共同創辦「發展創新創投」（Development Innovation Ventures），這是一項由美國國際開發署（U.S. Agency for International Development）管理的基金，但在美國總統唐納・川普（Donald Trump）去年重返白宮後不久遭到關閉。In 2010, he co-founded Development Innovation Ventures, a fund administered by the U.S. Agency for International Development, which was shut down by U.S. President Donald Trump shortly after he returned to the White House last year.

他與格倫納斯特也率先推動使用「預先市場承諾」（Advance Market Commitments）。這是由捐助方簽訂的具約束力合約，用以鼓勵製藥公司為低收入國家研究、開發並生產藥物，並協助開發針對全球肺炎主要病因的疫苗。He and Glennerster also pioneered the use of Advance Market Commitments, binding contracts made by donors to encourage pharmaceutical companies to research, develop and produce drugs for low-income countries, aiding development of a vaccine against the main cause of pneumonia globally.

克雷默針對學童驅蟲的研究顯示，缺席率大幅下降，促使非洲與南亞各國政府自2014年以來提供20億次治療。他也投入以人工智慧為基礎的農業天氣預測，並共同創辦精準發展（Precision Development），運用數位科技提升小農戶的生產力與收入。Kremer's research on de-worming school children showed a sharp drop in absenteeism, prompting governments in Africa and South Asia to provide 2 billion treatments since 2014. He has also worked on AI-based agricultural weather forecasting, and co-founded Precision Development, which uses digital technology to improve productivity and incomes for smallholder farmers.

克雷默於1997年獲得麥克阿瑟「天才獎」（MacArthur "genius grant"），也是美國國家科學院（National Academy of Sciences）院士及美國文理科學院（American Academy of Arts and Sciences）院士。Winner of a MacArthur "genius grant" in 1997, Kremer is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

2000年代初期，他也提出一套框架，旨在防止獨裁者掠奪本國資產，並讓未來公民背負不具正當性或「惡債」的債務。In the early 2000s, he also proposed a framework aimed at preventing dictators from looting their countries and saddling future citizens with illegitimate or "odious" debt.

（安德里亞・沙拉爾報導；林肯・費斯特編輯）(Reporting by Andrea Shalal; editing by Lincoln Feast.)