葉門攻勢提升神祕胡塞指揮官聲望

作者：Michael Georgy、Jana Choukeir、Maha El DahanBy Michael Georgy, Jana Choukeir and Maha El Dahan

杜拜，9月16日 —— 阿卜杜勒・馬利克・胡塞行事神祕，指揮一支久經戰火淬鍊的部隊。他所屬、與伊朗結盟的胡塞武裝組織席捲葉門紅海沿岸，並加強掌控一條關鍵航運水道，震動石油超級強權沙烏地阿拉伯，為他取得多年來最大的軍事勝利。DUBAI, Sept 16 - Abdul Malik al-Houthi, an elusive figure who commands a battle-hardened force, scored his biggest military victory in years when his Iran-aligned Houthi militant group swept through Yemen's Red Sea coastline and tightened their grip on a vital shipping waterway, rattling oil superpower Saudi Arabia.

這波攻勢伴隨對沙烏地阿拉伯的攻擊，使胡塞組織處於有利位置，可能藉由阻斷全球貿易，在曼德海峽掌握主導權。曼德海峽是全球最重要的貨物與大宗商品通道之一，運輸品項包括石油。The offensive, which has been accompanied by attacks on Saudi Arabia, has put the Houthis in a strong position to call the shots in the Bab el-Mandeb strait by potentially halting global trade in one of the world's most important conduits for goods and commodities, including oil.

胡塞把他麾下驍勇的山區戰士，轉型為一支數以萬計的部隊。這些戰士常穿著涼鞋，並嗜嚼具刺激性的綠葉植物卡特草；他們在葉門內戰中承受沙烏地領導聯軍多年的空襲，並建立起包括無人機與彈道飛彈在內的武器庫。Al-Houthi has transformed his fierce mountain fighters, often in sandals and hooked on the green leaf stimulant qat, into a force of tens of thousands that withstood years of airstrikes by a Saudi-led coalition in Yemen's civil war and built an arsenal including drones and ballistic missiles.

2022年，在聯合國斡旋下達成的停火協議使這場戰爭中的激烈戰鬥停止，但未能讓這個貧困國家達成持久解決方案。A 2022 U.N.-brokered truce halted heavy fighting in the war but failed to lead to a lasting settlement in the impoverished country.

隔年，胡塞麾下武裝分子出手干擾紅海航運，以支持加薩戰爭中的巴勒斯坦人。如今，在伊朗已實際封鎖荷姆茲海峽之後，他們又在中東衝突中開闢另一條戰線，使伊朗取得戰略籌碼，也讓自己成為焦點。The following year, al-Houthi's militants surfaced to disrupt Red Sea shipping in support of Palestinians in the Gaza war. Now they have grabbed the spotlight by opening another front in the Middle East conflict, giving strategic leverage to Iran after it already effectively closed off the Strait of Hormuz.

身為胡塞組織領袖，阿卜杜勒・馬利克・胡塞在以色列殺害黎巴嫩真主黨與巴勒斯坦組織哈瑪斯領導人後，已成為伊朗最突出、也最具韌性的阿拉伯盟友。As head of the group, Abdul Malik al-Houthi has emerged as Iran's most prominent and resilient Arab ally after Israel killed the leaders of Lebanon's Hezbollah and Palestinian group Hamas.

胡塞行事神祕，並以強悍指揮官聞名。儘管美國為其組織在加薩戰事期間攻擊航運而發動軍事報復，他仍態度強硬。他威脅說，若美國與以色列試圖迫使巴勒斯坦人離開加薩，他將採取軍事行動，並稱總統唐納・川普（Donald Trump）是罪犯。Enigmatic with a reputation as a fierce commander, al-Houthi remained defiant despite U.S. military retaliation for his group's attacks on shipping during the Gaza fighting. He threatened military action if the U.S. and Israel sought to displace Palestinians from Gaza and called President Donald Trump a criminal.

他在8月一場紀念先知穆罕默德誕辰的演說中表示：「我們重申堅定立場，反對美國與以色列—錫安主義的暴政；他們打著『改變中東』的旗號，針對我們整個民族。」“We reaffirm our steadfast position against American and Israeli-Zionist tyranny, which targets our entire nation under the banner of 'changing the Middle East'," he said in August in a speech to mark the Prophet Mohammad's birthday.

外界不知他曾親自會晤外國官員NOT KNOWN TO MEET FOREIGN OFFICIALS IN PERSON

在加薩戰爭期間的另一場演說中，胡塞腰間配戴傳統葉門匕首現身，形容以色列封鎖加薩是反人類罪，並指控阿拉伯與其他穆斯林國家無所作為。In another speech during the Gaza war, al-Houthi, appearing with a traditional Yemeni dagger in his belt, described Israel's blockade of Gaza as a crime against humanity and accused Arab and other Muslim states of inaction.

葉門向來有複雜且不斷變動的結盟歷史，胡塞在這樣的國家中存活下來。Al-Houthi has survived in a country with a history of complex, shifting alliances.

消息人士當時表示，資深前總統阿里・阿布杜拉・沙雷（Ali Abdullah Saleh）在內戰中轉換陣營，拋棄胡塞盟友、轉而支持沙烏地領導的聯軍後，胡塞戰士在一次伏擊中以火箭推進榴彈攔下他的裝甲車，接著開槍將他擊斃。After veteran former president Ali Abdullah Saleh switched sides in the civil war, abandoning his Houthi allies in favour of a Saudi-led coalition, Houthi fighters stopped his armoured vehicle with a rocket-propelled grenade in an ambush then shot him dead, sources said at the time.

一名知情人士表示，自這場內戰爆發以來，外界普遍認為這是利雅德與德黑蘭之間的代理人衝突；曾與胡塞打交道的外國官員，據了解都沒有親自見過他。Since the start of the civil war — widely seen as a proxy conflict between Riyadh and Tehran — foreign officials who dealt with al-Houthi are not known to have met him in person, said a source familiar with the matter.

許多尋求會面的人被要求前往胡塞據點沙那，當地會有一支安全車隊把他們載到安全屋，進行安全檢查後，再帶到樓上一間房間。因擔心遭暗殺，胡塞只會透過螢幕現身。Many seeking meetings were asked to travel to the Houthi stronghold Sanaa, where a security convoy would take them to safe houses and conduct security checks before leading them to an upstairs room, where al-Houthi, fearing assassination, would appear only on a screen.

戰爭造成全球最嚴重人道危機之一WAR CREATED ONE OF WORLD'S WORST HUMANITARIAN CRISES

胡塞運動成立的目的，是為宰德派什葉派爭取利益。宰德派什葉派是少數教派，曾在葉門統治一個延續1,000年的王國，直到1962年為止；但在統一後葉門首任總統沙雷1990年至2012年執政期間，他們感到遭邊緣化。The Houthi movement was formed to fight for the interests of the Zaydi Shi'ites, a minority sect that ruled a 1,000-year-old kingdom in Yemen until 1962 but felt marginalised during the 1990-2012 rule of Saleh, unified Yemen's first president.

胡塞組織否認是德黑蘭的傀儡，並表示他們是在對抗葉門腐敗體制與區域侵略。沙烏地阿拉伯及其盟友指控德黑蘭武裝並訓練胡塞組織，德黑蘭則否認這項指控。The Houthis deny being puppets of Tehran and say they are fighting a corrupt system in Yemen and regional aggression. Saudi Arabia and its allies accuse Tehran of arming and training them, which Tehran denies.

這場內戰造成數萬人死亡，重創葉門經濟，並使數百萬人陷入飢餓。The civil war killed tens of thousands, devastated Yemen's economy and left millions hungry.

在戰事最激烈的階段，胡塞組織對沙烏地阿拉伯發動攻擊。2022年1月，他們也對阿拉伯聯合大公國一處商業樞紐發動飛彈攻擊。During its most intense phase, the Houthis launched attacks on Saudi Arabia. In January 2022, they also launched a missile attack on a commercial hub in the United Arab Emirates.

胡塞在2022年的一場演說中表示，他的目標是具備攻擊沙烏地阿拉伯或阿拉伯聯合大公國境內任何目標的能力。兩國都是美國盟友與主要產油國，並將伊朗及其代理勢力視為重大安全威脅。In a speech in 2022, al-Houthi said his goal was to be able to strike any target in Saudi Arabia or the UAE, both U.S. allies and major oil producers which view Iran and its proxies as major security threats.

胡塞自稱血脈可追溯至先知穆罕默德，並主張他的運動因其宗教而遭圍困。Al-Houthi, who traces his lineage to the Prophet Mohammad, has asserted that his movement is under siege because of its religion.

他曾說：「我們必須專注於維護我們伊斯蘭歸屬與身分認同的正統性。」"We must focus on preserving the authenticity of our Islamic affiliation and identity," he once said.

軍事發言人走上舞台MILITARY SPOKESMAN TAKES THE STAGE

由於胡塞大多不公開露面，他的軍事發言人葉海亞・薩雷（Yahya Saree）已成為這場運動的公開面孔。With al-Houthi largely out of public view, his military spokesman, Yahya Saree, has become the public face of the movement.

薩雷身穿制服、身姿僵直地宣讀聲明，語調帶有戲劇性的節奏，會拉長某些字詞，並猛然提高音量以示強調。這種鮮明的表達方式，讓區域各地觀眾一聽便能認出薩雷。Standing rigidly in his uniform, Saree reads statements in a theatrical cadence, stretching certain words and sharply raising his voice for emphasis. The distinctive delivery has made Saree instantly recognizable to audiences across the region.

根據胡塞網站與薩雷在X上的個人帳號，2024年，他取得葉門研究生學院（Yemeni Academy for Graduate Studies）外交與國際關係碩士學位。In 2024, Saree earned a master’s degree in diplomacy and international relations from the Yemeni Academy for Graduate Studies, according to Houthi websites and his personal account on X.

他的論文主題與他的日常工作相當貼近：「以色列在紅海的存在對葉門共和國國家安全的威脅，2010–2022年」。His thesis had a subject close to his day job: “The Threat of the Israeli Presence in the Red Sea to the National Security of the Republic of Yemen, 2010–2022."

他在9月13日的一份聲明中宣稱：「我們向犯罪的沙烏地敵人確認，若其對我國人民的侵略持續下去，將遭遇更嚴厲且規模更大的行動，深入其領土腹地；真主若允，後果將十分嚴重。」In a statement on September 13, he declared: “We affirm to the criminal Saudi enemy that the continuation of its aggression against our people will be met with more severe and larger operations deep inside its territory, and the consequences will be dire, God willing.”

（Michael Georgy撰稿；Aidan Lewis編輯）(Writing by Michael Georgy; Editing by Aidan Lewis)