敘利亞庫德人力求在大馬士革重掌權力之際保住庫德語教育

歐罕・克雷曼（Orhan Qereman）報導By Orhan Qereman

敘利亞卡米什利9月15日（路透）——隨著大馬士革當局重新掌控在多年戰爭期間曾自行治理的庫德地區，敘利亞庫德人正尋求保住母語教育。他們歡迎一項允許部分科目以庫德語授課的法令，但也表示，這項法令仍未達到他們要求完整庫德語課程的訴求。QAMISHLI, Syria, Sept 15 (Reuters) - Syrian Kurds are seeking to preserve schooling in their mother tongue as Damascus reasserts authority over Kurdish regions that governed themselves during years of war, welcoming a decree that allows some subjects to be taught in Kurdish but saying it falls short of their demand for a fully Kurdish-language curriculum.

這項議題在敘利亞庫德人占多數地區依大馬士革與庫德人主導當局之間的協議重新納入敘利亞國家體系後的第一個學年開學之際，成為焦點。庫德地區的學生已針對推行新的阿拉伯語課程抗議。The issue has come to the fore at the start of the first school year since Syria's Kurdish-majority areas were reintegrated into the Syrian state under agreements between Damascus and Kurdish-led authorities. Pupils in Kurdish regions have protested over the rollout of a new curriculum in Arabic.

庫德語的角色對庫德人而言是敏感議題。奉行以阿拉伯民族主義為根基的復興黨意識形態的阿塞德家族執政時期，庫德語曾在學校遭到禁止；但在敘利亞北部庫德人多年自治期間，庫德語蓬勃發展。The role of the Kurdish language is a sensitive matter for Kurds. Kurdish was banned in schools under the Assads, who espoused a Baathist ideology rooted in Arab nationalism, but flourished during years of Kurdish self-rule in northern Syria.

總統巴夏爾・阿塞德（Bashar al-Assad）於2024年遭推翻。如今，總統夏拉（Ahmed al-Sharaa）領導的國家政權在1月一場攻勢中奪取庫德人治理地區後，敘利亞庫德人面臨迅速改變的現實；此舉為雙方就如何整併安全與民政機構展開談判鋪路，而庫德人則試圖盡可能保住他們取得的成果。President Bashar al-Assad was ousted in 2024. Now, Syria's Kurds face a rapidly changing reality after the state under President Ahmed al-Sharaa seized Kurdish-run regions in an offensive in January, paving the way for negotiations on how to merge their security and civilian institutions, with the Kurds trying to preserve as many of their gains as possible.

新學年開始前，教育部發布法令，承認庫德語為國家語言，並將在庫德人占人口相當比例的地區開設庫德語課，滿足了庫德人長久以來的一項要求。Before the school year, the education ministry issued a decree recognising Kurdish as a national language to be offered in areas where Kurds form a significant part of the population, meeting a longstanding Kurdish demand.

但對2012年以來幾乎完全以庫德語受教育的庫德人而言，這項決定面臨反對，因為它將庫德語教學限制為每週三堂課。But among Kurds schooled almost entirely in Kurdish since 2012, the decision faces objections because it limits Kurdish language instruction to three sessions a week.

此外，雖然法令提供了地理、歷史、社會研究與哲學可以用庫德語授課的選項，但庫德官員表示，依照新安排，自然科學與數學將以阿拉伯語授課。Also, while the decree offered the option for geography, history, social studies and philosophy to be taught in Kurdish, Kurdish officials said sciences and maths would be taught in Arabic under the new arrangements.

16歲的蘇珊・阿里（Suzan Ali）說：「我從開始上學一直到11年級都學庫德語，現在他們卻說只會分配三堂課給庫德語。這不能接受。」"I have studied Kurdish since the start of my schooling up through 11th grade, and now they are saying they will only allocate three class periods for Kurdish. This is unacceptable," said Suzan Ali, 16.

「一半課程用庫德語、另一半用阿拉伯語——我們無法用阿拉伯語學習。我們必須用自己的語言學習，因為我們從一開始就是用庫德語學習，也必須一路延續到大學。」"Half the curriculum in Kurdish and the other half in Arabic — we cannot study in Arabic. We must study in our own language, because we have studied in Kurdish from the beginning and must continue through university."

18歲的梅爾娃・阿莫（Merva Amo）說，她曾參與抗議，要求「回到過去所有科目都以庫德語授課的課程」，並表示她會繼續示威。Merva Amo, 18, said she had protested to demand "a return to the previous curriculum where all subjects were taught in Kurdish" and that she would continue demonstrating.

教育部未回應採訪請求。The education ministry did not respond to a request for comment.

教育部長穆罕默德・阿卜杜勒拉赫曼・圖爾科（Mohammed Abdul Rahman Turko）週一告訴國會，先前有兩種看法，一種主張庫德語應與其他科目一同學習，另一種則主張將整套課程翻譯成庫德語。Education Minister Mohammed Abdul Rahman Turko told parliament on Monday there had been two views, one calling for Kurdish language to be studied alongside other subjects, and one calling for the entire curriculum to be translated into Kurdish.

新聞媒體afrin now在社群媒體發布的會議片段中，圖爾科說：「坦白說，要把課程完全翻譯成庫德語，非常困難。第一，要為所有專業領域提供教師；第二，（學生）要如何繼續大學學業？」"Translating the curriculum completely into Kurdish, frankly, it's very difficult," Turko said in excerpts of the session posted on social media by news outlet afrin now. "First, providing teachers for all specialties, and second, how is (the student) going to continue their university studies?"

「好」的一步，但未達庫德人期望A 'GOOD' STEP BUT SHORT OF KURDISH HOPES

敘利亞庫德人屬於一個族群；現代中東邊界在鄂圖曼帝國崩解後成形時，這個族群未能擁有自己的國家。Syria's Kurds are part of an ethnic group that was left stateless when the borders of the modern Middle East emerged from the collapsing Ottoman Empire.

2011年後，庫德團體掌控敘利亞北部大片地區，建立一支強大的武裝團體，與美軍並肩對抗伊斯蘭國，並建立他們原本希望保住的自治體制。Kurdish groups took control of swathes of northern Syria after 2011, building a powerful armed group that fought Islamic State alongside U.S. forces and establishing autonomy they had hoped to preserve.

但1月的政府攻勢削弱了他們的籌碼，華府也敦促他們與大馬士革整合。But their hand was weakened by the government offensive in January and as Washington urged them to integrate with Damascus.

此後的談判已導致庫德人主導的部隊解散，並併入國防部。Negotiations have since led to dissolution of the Kurdish-led forces and their merger into the defence ministry.

敘利亞庫德官員伊爾哈姆・艾哈邁德說，這項法令是「良好的初步一步」，但未達到「我們社群的要求」。Syrian Kurdish official Ilham Ahmad said the decree was "a good initial step" but fell short of "the demands of our community".

她告訴路透：「我們認為，所有科目都應以庫德語授課——同時也學習英語、阿拉伯語和其他語言——尤其是在這些地區。對庫德人民而言，用自己的語言學習至關重要，不過我們現在看到的，無論如何仍是一個步驟。」"We believe that all subjects should be taught in Kurdish —alongside English, Arabic and other languages — especially in these regions. It is essential for the Kurdish people to learn in their own language, though what we see now is nonetheless a step," she told Reuters.

她說，新憲法必須明定以庫德語教學的權利。The new constitution must enshrine the right to teach in Kurdish, she said.

敘利亞庫德人使用庫曼吉語，這是一種以拉丁字母為基礎書寫的庫德語變體。庫德語屬於印歐語系，因此有別於阿拉伯語。Syria's Kurds speak Kurmanji, a variety of Kurdish written in a Latin-based script. Kurdish belongs to the Indo-European language family, so is distinct from Arabic.

教師呼籲設過渡期TEACHER URGES TRANSITION PERIOD

夏拉已承諾保護少數族群權利，並任命已解散的庫德人主導部隊領袖馬茲盧姆・阿卜迪（Mazloum Abdi）為總統顧問。Sharaa has pledged to protect minorities' rights and appointed the head of the dissolved Kurdish-led forces, Mazloum Abdi, as a presidential adviser.

在阿塞德執政時期，庫德語曾以祕密方式教授。Kurdish was taught secretly under Assad.

教師穆罕默德・艾哈邁德（Mohamed Ahmed）說，他預期只曾以庫德語受教的學生會遇到困難，並呼籲設置「一到兩年的過渡期」。Teacher Mohamed Ahmed said he anticipated difficulties for pupils only ever taught in Kurdish and urged "a transitional period of a year or two".

他說：「我們希望事情順利、輕鬆地推進，也希望這個地區的情況能被接受，尤其考量到這些議題周遭的敏感性。」"We hope things proceed smoothly and easily, and that the region's situation is accepted, especially given the sensitivity surrounding these issues," he said.

（湯姆・佩里（Tom Perry）撰稿；提摩西・赫里蒂奇（Timothy Heritage）編輯）(Writing by Tom Perry, Editing by Timothy Heritage)