以色列占領黎南地區的黎巴嫩人憂心：聯合國維和部隊撤出後前景黯淡

記者馬雅・葛貝莉與拉赫德・瓦基德By Maya Gebeily and Raghed Waked

路透黎巴嫩雷梅什9月16日電——聯合國維和車輛揚起一列塵土，成為道路上唯一的車輛；車隊駛過遭轟炸摧毀的建築，前往黎巴嫩南部深處、以色列占領區內的基督教城鎮。RMEICH, Lebanon, Sept 16 (Reuters) - Kicking up a column of dust, the United Nations peacekeeping vehicles were the only cars on the road as they passed bombed-out buildings on their way to Christian towns deep in southern Lebanon's Israeli-occupied zone.

真主黨3月初發動火箭攻擊後，以色列展開逾6個月轟炸與拆除行動，大片土地上的村莊已遭廢棄，居民被迫流離失所。灌木蔓延至清真寺尖塔周邊，鏽蝕的金屬門標示著過去民宅所在之處。More than six months of Israeli bombardment and demolition, triggered by a Hezbollah rocket attack in early March, have left villages abandoned and residents forcibly displaced across swathes of land. Shrubs encroach on minarets and rusting metal gates mark where homes once stood.

從黎巴嫩其他地區進入這裡，受新設的以色列檢查哨管制。過了一處檢查哨後，以色列梅卡瓦坦克部署在荒涼道路的中段。Entry from the rest of Lebanon is controlled from newly established Israeli checkpoints. Beyond one, Israeli Merkava tanks were stationed halfway along the desolate road.

路透社記者隨聯合國駐黎巴嫩臨時部隊（UNIFIL）的法國維和人員同行，罕見進入該地區及雷梅什。雷梅什是3個居民以基督徒為主的城鎮之一；在以色列軍方於黎巴嫩南部建立自行宣稱的「安全區」之際，當地居民仍留在原地。Reuters reporters embedded with French peacekeepers from U.N. force UNIFIL for rare access to the area and to Rmeich, one of three predominantly Christian towns whose residents stayed put as Israel's military established a self-declared "security zone" in southern Lebanon.

自以色列奪取該區以來，UNIFIL部隊一直護送載有食物及其他物資的車隊前往這些基督教城鎮。但在成立近50年後，這支聯合國部隊的任務授權將於今年底結束，令雷梅什居民擔心，他們與黎巴嫩其他地區的聯繫將被切斷。Since Israel seized the zone, UNIFIL troops have been escorting convoys of food and other goods to the Christian towns. But nearly five decades after it was established, the U.N. force's mandate will conclude at the end of the year — leaving residents of Rmeich fearful that their link with the rest of Lebanon will be severed.

「我們會怎麼樣？這些店主和商人會怎麼樣？如果他們想把貨物從貝魯特運到這裡，這些貨要怎麼送到？」雷梅什45歲教師喬治・易卜拉欣說。雷梅什目前仍有約6000人居住。"What's going to happen to us? What's going to happen to these shop owners and these merchants? If they want to bring goods from Beirut here, how are those goods going to arrive?" said George Ibrahim, a 45-year-old schoolteacher from Rmeich, where roughly 6,000 people still live.

這是以色列占領區內人口最集中的地方；在該占領區，以色列轟炸已摧毀多個以什葉派穆斯林為主的村莊，而伊朗支持的黎巴嫩武裝團體真主黨，歷來即在這些村莊獲得支持。It is the largest concentration of people in the Israeli-occupied zone, where Israeli bombing has destroyed predominantly Shi'ite Muslim villages from which Hezbollah, an Iran-backed Lebanese armed group, has historically drawn support.

易卜拉欣告訴路透社：「我們覺得自己像是生活在一座大型監獄裡，被孤立起來。沒有UNIFIL，我不知道未來會怎樣。」"We consider ourselves to be living in a large prison, isolated," Ibrahim told Reuters. "Without UNIFIL, I don't know what the future is."

基督教城鎮物資開始短缺GOODS IN CHRISTIAN TOWN START TO RUN LOW

以色列一名軍方官員回覆媒體詢問時表示，以方並不認為UNIFIL在人道工作中的角色至關重要，並稱以色列正努力「讓民眾更方便」。In response to a request for comment, an Israeli military official said they did not consider UNIFIL's role vital to humanitarian efforts and that Israel was working "to make things easier for the population".

UNIFIL成立於1978年，當時以色列因應巴勒斯坦武裝分子的攻擊而入侵黎巴嫩南部，UNIFIL則在數日後成立。它最初設立期限為6個月，目的是確認以色列撤軍；其後任務授權屢次展延，包括在以軍最終於2000年撤出之後。UNIFIL was established in 1978, days after Israel invaded southern Lebanon in response to attacks by Palestinian militants. Initially set up for six months to confirm Israel's withdrawal, its mandate was repeatedly renewed, including after Israeli troops eventually withdrew in 2000.

2006年以色列與真主黨爆發為期1個月的戰爭後，UNIFIL的職責擴大為監督黎巴嫩與以色列邊境的新停火狀態，並確保平民可獲得人道援助。Following a month-long war in 2006 between Israel and Hezbollah, its role was expanded to monitoring a new ceasefire across the Lebanese-Israeli border and ensuring humanitarian access for civilians.

UNIFIL設立熱線，以緩和黎巴嫩軍方與以色列軍方之間的緊張；兩軍在形式上仍處於戰爭狀態。它也協助聯合國一名在黎巴嫩的製圖師標繪藍線，也就是2000年後兩國之間的事實邊界。It set up a hotline to defuse tension between the Lebanese and Israeli armies, which formally remained at war, and helped a U.N. cartographer in Lebanon map out the Blue Line, the de facto border between the two countries after 2000.

已有超過300名維和人員在黎巴嫩喪生，其中包括在今年戰爭中死亡的7人；今年的戰爭已造成黎巴嫩逾4300人死亡，且仍有30萬人流離失所。More than 300 peacekeepers have been killed in Lebanon, including seven in this year's war, which has killed more than 4,300 people in Lebanon and left 300,000 still displaced.

這支部隊已成為當地景觀的一部分。在雷梅什教堂附近，踢足球的男孩問維和人員能不能跳進他們的車裡。The force has become part of the landscape. Near Rmeich's church, boys playing football asked peacekeepers if they could jump inside their vehicles.

UNIFIL法國偵察連連長朱利安上尉說：「平民需要UNIFIL的支援，而這正是我們正在提供的。」依安全準則，他要求不公開姓氏。"Civilians need support from UNIFIL, and that's what we are providing," said Captain Julien, who heads a French reconnaissance company within UNIFIL, and asked to withhold his last name in line with security guidelines.

他說：「之後會發生什麼事？我不知道，但我希望我們能找到另一種方法，讓平民穿越以色列防線，並且和平生活。」他並補充，穿越占領區內眾多以色列檢查哨需要安全護送。"What will happen after? I don't know, but I hope that we find another way for the civilians to get through the Israeli lines and to live peacefully," he said, adding that a security escort was needed to cross the many Israeli checkpoints in the occupied zone.

上週，由當地商人運送、目的地為雷梅什的援助與貨物車隊，在最後一刻被取消，且沒有既定原因；路透社原本預定隨行的那支車隊也在其中。Last week, convoys of aid and goods carried by local traders and destined for Rmeich were canceled at the 11th hour without an established reason, including the one Reuters was meant to accompany.

雖然UNIFIL至少兩度進入以色列控制區，但他們並未護送補給物資；雷梅什居民說，新鮮農產品與燃料庫存已開始短缺。Though UNIFIL made at least two trips into the Israeli zone, they did not escort supplies, and residents in Rmeich said stocks of fresh produce and fuel were beginning to run low.

鎮中心的蔬果店都關著。其他店家的貨架只半滿，而且只剩不易腐壞的食品。一名經營沙威瑪店的年輕男子把最後幾顆番茄用在一份三明治上；與此同時，南部其他地方以色列軍事活動傳出的隆隆聲，在雷梅什迴盪。Fruit and vegetable shops in the town center were closed. Others carried only non-perishables on half-filled shelves. A young man with a falafel shop used the last of his tomatoes for a sandwich, as booms from Israeli military activity elsewhere in the south echoed through Rmeich.

這名以色列軍方官員說，以色列在「安全區」內是為了清除該地區的真主黨，並不想長期停留，也無意建立永久基地。The Israeli military official said Israel was in the "security zone" to clear the area of Hezbollah, and did not want to stay in the long term or intend to establish permanent bases.

衝突監督角色CONFLICT MONITORING ROLE

UNIFIL近50個基地中，如今有超過半數位於以色列占領區內，包括位於納古拉的總部；若要抵達該總部，只能穿越兩處以色列軍方檢查哨。More than half of UNIFIL's nearly 50 bases now lie within Israeli-occupied territory, including its headquarters at Naqoura, only accessible by crossing two Israeli military checkpoints.

如果任務授權未獲延長，UNIFIL將自1月1日起開始逐步關閉基地，來自近50國的7500多名維和人員將離開，並把陣地移交給黎巴嫩部隊。If no extension is granted, UNIFIL will begin gradually closing its bases starting January 1, with more than 7,500 peacekeepers from nearly 50 countries leaving and handing positions to Lebanese troops.

隨著以色列對南部的攻擊加劇，當地基地成為為UNIFIL提供服務的黎巴嫩承包商避難處。數名承包商告訴路透社，UNIFIL撤出將讓他們失業且無家可歸。As Israeli strikes on the south intensified, bases there became safe havens for Lebanese contractors providing services for them. Several told Reuters that UNIFIL's withdrawal would leave them jobless and homeless.

由於以色列占領導致進入黎巴嫩南部受限，接近這項任務的人士警告，UNIFIL撤離也可能讓南部失去「世界的耳目」。With access to southern Lebanon restricted by Israel's occupation, people close to the mission warn that the mission's departure could also put an end to the "world's eyes and ears" in the south.

在藍線兩側發生戰爭期間，UNIFIL一直監督交火與違反國際法的情況。During periods of war across the Blue Line, UNIFIL has monitored exchanges of fire and violations of international law.

一名聯合國高階官員在匿名條件下告訴路透社：「UNIFIL是藍線的守護者。他們保存了跨越數十年的文件，包括會議紀錄、製圖成果、測量資料——在如此敏感的時刻，這些紀錄以及藍線接下來會如何，都是問題。」"UNIFIL are the custodians of the Blue Line," a senior U.N. official told Reuters on condition of anonymity. "They have documents spanning decades, including minutes of meetings, cartographic works, measurements — there are questions about what happens to those records and to the Blue Line at such a sensitive time."

今年，UNIFIL協助調查可能戰爭罪的聯合國人員進入黎巴嫩南部遭以色列占領的地區。兩名熟悉這項任務的人士說，若沒有聯合國存在，這類進入機會即使不是不可能，也很可能會變得極為罕見。This year, the force facilitated access to Israeli-occupied parts of southern Lebanon for U.N. staff investigating possible war crimes. Such access will likely become extremely rare, if not impossible, without a U.N. presence, two people familiar with the mission said.

以色列總理班雅明・尼坦雅胡辦公室未立即回應有關UNIFIL即將撤出以及以色列對藍線看法的採訪請求。Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's office did not immediately respond to a request for comment on UNIFIL's looming withdrawal and Israel's view of the Blue Line.

力拚延長任務SCRAMBLE TO EXTEND MISSION

在美國斡旋談判後，黎巴嫩與以色列6月同意一項計畫，內容包括以色列部隊逐步撤出，同時由黎巴嫩部隊解除真主黨武裝並掌控黎巴嫩南部。但真主黨拒絕在以軍占領黎巴嫩領土期間完全解除武裝，該計畫因此停滯。After U.S.-brokered talks, Lebanon and Israel agreed in June to a plan that would see Israeli troops gradually withdraw as Lebanese troops disarm Hezbollah and take control of southern Lebanon. But Hezbollah has refused to disarm in full while Israeli troops occupy Lebanese territory, and the plan has stalled.

如今，各方正在最後關頭奔走，設法讓UNIFIL部隊在今年底後繼續留在黎巴嫩。黎巴嫩國會三分之二議員上月簽署請願書，要求延長其任務授權；黎巴嫩總統約瑟夫・奧恩也說，延長授權是黎巴嫩的「首選」。Now, a last-minute scramble is underway to keep UNIFIL troops in Lebanon past the end of this year. Two-thirds of Lebanon's parliament signed a petition last month to extend its mandate and Lebanese President Joseph Aoun said an extension was Lebanon's "first choice."

外交官私下表示，延長授權的可能性不高。聯合國秘書長安東尼歐・古特瑞斯6月提出在黎巴嫩維持穿制服聯合國人員存在的數個選項，但安全理事會尚未採取行動。Diplomats privately describe an extension as unlikely. In June, U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres outlined several options for a uniformed U.N. presence in Lebanon but the Security Council has yet to take action.

UNIFIL發言人坎迪絲・阿迪爾說：「我們有撤出計畫，這將涉及把陣地交還黎巴嫩武裝部隊。」"We have a plan for withdrawal, and this will involve handing back positions to the Lebanese Armed Forces," said UNIFIL spokesperson Kandice Ardiel.

「當然，考量到屆時情勢，我們會非常仔細地審視這些事項。我們無法猜測屆時情勢會如何，但最根本的是，我們將必須把這些陣地交還。」"Of course, we will be looking at these in great detail given the situation at the time. We can't speculate what the situation will be then, but the bottom line is we will have to hand these positions back."

美國與以色列去年都歡迎聯合國安全理事會決定僅最後一次延長UNIFIL任務授權。以色列表示，在UNIFIL未能阻止真主黨在黎巴嫩南部擴充軍力後，逐步撤出是「正確決定」。The U.S. and Israel last year both welcomed the U.N. Security Council's decision to only renew UNIFIL's mandate one final time. Israel said a gradual withdrawal was the "correct decision" after UNIFIL had failed to prevent Hezbollah's military build-up in south Lebanon.

隨著這項任務準備縮減規模，雷梅什居民認為前景黯淡。As the mission readies to draw down, residents of Rmeich see their prospects as bleak.

鎮上的天主教神父納吉布・阿米爾還記得UNIFIL部隊近50年前首次部署時的情景。他說，隨著雷梅什與國內其他地區的聯繫日益不穩，當地人擔心被其他黎巴嫩人視為「合作者」。Najib Amil, a Catholic priest in the town who remembers when UNIFIL troops first deployed nearly 50 years ago, said that with their connection to the rest of the country increasingly shaky, locals feared being seen as "collaborators" by other Lebanese.

他說：「以色列會把我們留在這裡，還是把我們趕出去？如果他們讓我們留下，我們會變成什麼樣子？在行政上，我們會歸（以色列）管，還是歸黎巴嫩管？」"Will Israel leave us here or kick us out? And if they let us stay, how are we going to be? Administratively, will we be with (Israel), or with Lebanon?" he said.

（馬雅・葛貝莉、拉赫德・瓦基德報導；瑪揚・盧貝爾補充報導；艾丹・路易斯編輯）(Reporting by Maya Gebeily and Raghed Waked; Additional reporting by Maayan Lubell; Editing by Aidan Lewis)