蘋果自動完成限制詞包括「獨裁者川普」與「瞌睡喬」，研究人員發現

（重新發稿，修正第二段拼字為 Derik 而非 Derek，並刪除第三段多餘的「said」一字）(Refiles to correct spelling in paragraph two to Derik, not Derek, removes extra word "said" in paragraph three)

作者：拉斐爾・薩特（Raphael Satter）By Raphael Satter

華盛頓，11月6日（路透社）—— 一名研究人員週五表示，蘋果有一份未公開的多語言灰名單，包含數以萬計的字詞與片語；iOS 鍵盤不會自動完成或滑動輸入這些內容。WASHINGTON, Nov 6 (Reuters) - Apple has an undisclosed multilingual gray list of tens of thousands of words and phrases that its iOS keyboard will not autocomplete or swipe-type, a researcher said on Friday.

這份清單並非禁令。iPhone 使用者在撰寫電子郵件與簡訊時，仍可輸入自己想寫的內容。但在多數情況下，清單上的字詞不會透過自動完成或滑動輸入向使用者建議。發現這份清單的研究人員德里克・考夫曼表示，這項發現讓外界得以一窺蘋果如何在兩者之間取捨：一方面預測數億名 iPhone 使用者想表達的內容，另一方面防止裝置向使用者提供冒犯性或帶有政治意味的建議。他說，這可能會悄悄影響使用者的溝通方式。The list is not a ban. iPhone users can still type what they like when drafting emails and texts. But the words on the list will not be suggested to users via autocomplete or swipe-typing in most cases. The researcher, Derik Kauffman, said the find opens a window into how Apple manages the tradeoff between anticipating what hundreds of millions of iPhone users are trying to say and preventing the devices from offering offensive or politically charged suggestions to users - something he said could quietly shape how they communicate.

考夫曼說：「這是一種非常輕微的審查形式。但以蘋果的營運規模來看，只要輕輕一推，就足以產生很大的影響。」"It's a very light-touch form of censorship," said Kauffman. "But at the scale that Apple is operating, it only takes a light touch to have a big impact."

考夫曼最近發現這份清單，並已發布一個網站逐項列出其中內容。他表示，多數被標記的字詞與片語都屬於粗俗、冒犯性內容，或與毒品、性或暴力有關。但其中也有一些帶有政治意味，包括「dictator Trump」（獨裁者川普）和「sleepy Joe」（瞌睡喬）。Most of the flagged words and phrases are vulgar, offensive or related to drugs, sex or violence, according to Kauffman, who discovered the list recently and has published a website itemizing them. But some are politically charged, including "dictator Trump" and "sleepy Joe."

蘋果在一封電子郵件中，未直接評論考夫曼的發現，包括清單的規模或組成，以及標記特定政治用語的理由。蘋果表示，iPhone 使用者始終可以選擇輸入特定字詞或片語，也始終可以覆寫任何預測文字建議。蘋果說，其鍵盤設計是為了避免提供可能不適當或冒犯他人的建議。In an email, Apple did not comment directly on Kauffman's findings, including the size or composition of its list, or its reasons for flagging certain political terms. It said that iPhone users always had the option to type specific words or phrases and could always override any predictive text suggestions. Apple said its keyboard was set up to avoid offering suggestions that might be inappropriate or offensive.

考夫曼表示，其他被排除在 iOS 預測文字功能之外的片語，包括「right wing conspiracy」（右翼陰謀），以及「Tibetan independence」（西藏獨立）和「United Ireland」（統一愛爾蘭）。非英語語言有不同的被標記字詞或片語。例如在印地語中，鍵盤不允許使用者滑動輸入「Modi braggart」（莫迪自吹自擂）或「Rahul is Pappu」（拉胡爾是帕普），這分別是對印度總理納倫德拉・莫迪（Narendra Modi）及其主要對手拉胡爾・甘地（Rahul Gandhi）的挖苦用語。Other phrases excluded from iOS's predictive text features include "right wing conspiracy" as well as "Tibetan independence" and "United Ireland," according to Kauffman. Non-English languages have different flagged words or phrases. In Hindi, for example, the keyboard does not allow users to swipe-type "Modi braggart" or "Rahul is Pappu," digs at India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi and his leading opponent, Rahul Gandhi, respectively, according to Kauffman.

他說，法語使用者無法滑動輸入法語片語「immigration too high」（移民太多），希伯來語使用者則無法滑動輸入「occupied territories」（被占領土）。He said French speakers could not swipe-type the French phrase "immigration too high" and that Hebrew speakers could not swipe-type "occupied territories."

考夫曼說：「每一種主要語言都有某種形式的這類情況。」"Every major language has some version of this," Kauffman said.

考夫曼說，蘋果想避免使用者不小心傳出猥褻訊息或煽動性標語，這是可以理解的。但他也說，蘋果套用這項功能的方式並不一致。舉例來說，他表示「read smut」（讀色情作品）可以滑動輸入，但「read gay smut」（讀男同志色情作品）卻不行。Kauffman said it was understandable that Apple wanted to keep users from accidentally sending obscene messages or inflammatory slogans. But he said there were inconsistencies in how Apple applied the feature. For example, he said "read smut" could be swipe-typed while "read gay smut" could not.

灰名單是如何被發現的HOW THE GRAY LIST WAS DISCOVERED

考夫曼說，他是在9月發現這份清單。當時他注意到，自己的滑動輸入——也就是手指在鍵盤上來回滑動，而非逐字點按輸入——在某些片語上會卡住，例如「bad boy」（壞男孩）或「white man」（白人男子），但輸入「bad girl」（壞女孩）或「black man」（黑人男子）時則不會。Kauffman said he found the list in September after noticing that his swipe-typing — the practice of gliding a finger back and forth over a keyboard rather than pecking out each word individually — would stutter over certain phrases, like "bad boy" or "white man," but not "bad girl" or "black man."

考夫曼說，好奇心被勾起後，他結合使用 OpenAI 的 Codex 與 Anthropic 的 Claude Code 尋找原因，最後偶然在蘋果作業系統「深處」發現一份彙編。他表示，計算灰名單字詞與片語及其各種排列組合的數量有不同方式，但保守估計約有10萬項，不包含中文字元。His curiosity piqued, Kauffman said he used a combination of OpenAI's Codex and Anthropic's Claude Code to hunt for a reason why, eventually stumbling on a compendium stored "deep in the bowels" of Apple's operating system. He said there were different ways to count the number of gray-listed words and phrases and their various permutations, but a conservative estimate would put them at about 100,000, not including Chinese characters.

路透社在一支 iPhone 上測試了考夫曼指出的一小部分片語，發現這些片語全都很難透過滑動輸入輸入，或不會經由自動完成建議出現。例如，嘗試滑動輸入「United Ireland」或「Tibetan independence」時，往往會得到「United Iceland」或「Tibetan independences」。嘗試滑動輸入「white man」會得到「white mean」，而「red man」或「blue man」則可順利滑動輸入。「Sleepy Joe」會得到「Sleepy hope」。「Dictator Trump」可以滑動輸入，但「trump」是小寫，且該片語不會出現在自動完成建議中——鍵盤反而建議「dictator trumps」。滑動輸入「read gay smut」會得到「Read gay Smit」。「Read smut」則可以毫無問題地滑動輸入。Reuters tested a small subset of the phrases identified by Kauffman on an iPhone and found they were all difficult to enter through swipe-typing or were not suggested via autocomplete. Attempts to swipe-type "United Ireland" or "Tibetan independence" often yielded "United Iceland" or "Tibetan independences," for example. Trying to swipe-type "white man" would yield "white mean," while "red man" or "blue man" could be swipe-typed without difficulty. "Sleepy Joe" would yield "Sleepy hope." "Dictator Trump" could be swipe-typed, but "trump" was lowercase and the phrase was not suggested in autocomplete — the keyboard instead suggested "dictator trumps." Swipe-typing "read gay smut" would yield "Read gay Smit." "Read smut" could be swipe-typed with no issue.

代理式 AI 資安公司 Tolmo 的工程師麥特・蘇伊契（Matt Suiche）表示，他能夠獨立還原同一份灰名單，並將考夫曼的發現與蘋果內部資料交叉比對。他說，結果幾乎完全吻合。Matt Suiche, an engineer at agentic AI cybersecurity company Tolmo, said he was able to independently recover the same gray list and cross-reference Kauffman's findings against Apple's internal data. He said he got a near-perfect match.

蘇伊契表示，這份蘋果清單多年來一直「藏在眼皮底下」，讓外界得以一窺「人類溝通多年來可能如何在通訊應用程式內受到影響與過濾」。Suiche said the Apple list had been hidden in plain sight for years, providing an interesting look at how "human communication has been potentially influenced and filtered for years inside messaging apps."

呼籲提高透明度A CALL FOR TRANSPARENCY

注意到 iOS 預測文字功能這類「推一把」效果的人，不只有考夫曼。多年來，社群媒體使用者一直納悶，為什麼他們無法滑動輸入某些片語。本週稍早，一名挪威系統管理員獨立發現了蘋果灰名單上的一份字詞清單，包括「al-Qaeda」（基地組織）、「Auschwitz」（奧斯威辛）和「Hooters」。但更廣泛敏感片語清單的存在，是本文首次報導。Kauffman is not alone in having picked up on the nudges from iOS's predictive text feature. Over the years, social media users have wondered why they could not swipe-type certain phrases. Earlier this week, a Norwegian systems administrator independently discovered a list of words on Apple's gray list, including "al-Qaeda," "Auschwitz" and "Hooters," but the existence of a wider list of sensitive phrases is reported here for the first time.

蘋果和其他科技公司一樣，過去曾因預測技術向使用者建議尷尬或具爭議性的文字而惹上麻煩。Alphabet 旗下 Google 的自動完成功能，經常因其建議的搜尋字詞受到批評，有時甚至引發訴訟。去年，蘋果也引起媒體關注；當時有使用者回報，對 iPhone 口述「racist」（種族主義者）一詞時，螢幕上會短暫閃現「Trump」（川普）一詞。蘋果當時表示，這個問題是錯誤所致，且已經修復。Apple, like other tech companies, has previously run into trouble when predictive technology suggests embarrassing or controversial texts to users. Alphabet-owned Google's autocomplete feature has regularly attracted criticism — and sometimes even litigation — over its suggested search terms. Last year, Apple drew media attention when users reported that dictating the word "racist" to their iPhones would briefly cause the word "Trump" to flash across their screens. Apple said at the time that the problem was an error and had been fixed.

數位公民自由組織電子前哨基金會（Electronic Frontier Foundation）資深法律顧問大衛・葛林（David Greene）表示，雖然他有一部分覺得這份字詞清單「令人毛骨悚然」，也對蘋果的判斷拿捏感到疑惑，但他也能理解，這可以被主張是一種有用方式，用以遏止不想要或具煽動性的建議。David Greene, the senior counsel at the Electronic Frontier Foundation, a digital civil liberties group, said that while a part of him found the word list "creepy" and he wondered about Apple's judgment calls, he could see an argument for it being a useful way to curb unwanted or inflammatory suggestions.

葛林說：「但如果他們要這麼做，使用者應該非常清楚知道有這件事，並且能有一定程度的自訂能力。這不應該是祕密。」"But if they are going to do it, this is something users should be really well aware of and have some ability to customize," Greene said. "This is something that should not be secret."

（華盛頓 Raphael Satter 報導；Matthew Lewis 編輯）(Reporting by Raphael Satter in Washington; Editing by Matthew Lewis)