COP31將在土耳其登場，衛星揭露掩埋場甲烷問題

阿里・庫楚克格奇門報導By Ali Kucukgocmen

土耳其塞伊門11月7日（路透）——在伊斯坦堡以西的鄉間，卡車排隊將這座1600萬人口城市的混合家庭垃圾傾倒到一大片正在分解的垃圾地景上；當地收集掩埋場氣體，供附近電廠發電。SEYMEN, Turkey, Nov 7 (Reuters) - In the countryside west of Istanbul, trucks line up to empty mixed household waste from the city of 16 million people onto a vast landscape of decomposing rubbish, where landfill gas is captured to generate electricity at a nearby plant.

但在繞著垃圾盤旋的海鷗上方很遠處，衛星偵測到電廠未能收集的東西：正以使其名列全球有紀錄以來最大型掩埋場排放源之一的速率逸散的甲烷。But far above the seagulls circling the waste, satellites detect what the plant has failed to capture: methane escaping at a rate that ranks it among the world’s largest recorded landfill emitters.

土耳其將於11月9日至20日在安塔利亞主辦COP31，並已將減少甲烷列為這場氣候峰會的優先事項。Turkey hosts COP31 in Antalya from November 9 to 20 and has made methane reduction a priority for the climate summit.

甲烷是僅次於二氧化碳（CO2）的氣候變遷最大成因，而且在進入大氣後的最初20年，其暖化效力是CO2的80多倍。因此，大幅減排可相對快速地減緩暖化。Methane is the biggest cause of climate change after carbon dioxide (CO2) and is over 80 times more potent than CO2 in its first 20 years in the air. Sharp cuts could therefore slow warming relatively quickly.

土耳其的廢棄物部門凸顯了快速減排的潛力，也呈現其困難。Turkey's waste sector illustrates both the potential and the difficulty of achieving rapid cuts.

非營利排放追蹤機構Climate TRACE的數據顯示，土耳其是全球固體廢棄物甲烷排放量第五大的國家，僅次於中國、美國、俄羅斯和巴西。The country is the world's fifth-biggest emitter of methane from solid waste behind China, the United States, Russia and Brazil, according to data from non-profit emissions tracker Climate TRACE.

加州大學洛杉磯分校（UCLA）研究人員分析的衛星觀測資料，在土耳其10處排放量最高的廢棄物場址辨識出70道羽流，偵測到的平均排放率介於每小時841公斤至7.4公噸。其中3處位於伊斯坦堡周邊，其他則在安卡拉、伊茲密爾及舉辦COP31的安塔利亞附近。Satellite observations analysed by researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) identified 70 plumes from Turkey’s 10 highest-emitting waste sites, where average detected rates ranged from 841 kg to 7.4 metric tons an hour. Three were around Istanbul, while others were near Ankara, Izmir and Antalya, where COP31 is being held.

土耳其較大型市政掩埋場普遍設有氣體收集，顯示僅靠收集系統並不能防止大量排放。Gas capture is widespread at Turkey's larger municipal landfills, indicating that collection systems alone do not prevent large releases.

「巨大潛力」'HUGE POTENTIAL'

排放監測非營利組織Carbon Mapper廢棄物部門負責人蒂亞・斯卡佩利表示，要削減掩埋場甲烷，必須在有機物進入垃圾掩埋場之前轉移處理，同時提高收集率。Tia Scarpelli, waste sector lead for emissions-monitoring non-profit Carbon Mapper, said cutting landfill methane requires diverting organic material before it reaches dumps, while improving rates of capture.

斯卡佩利說，由於土耳其被偵測到的最大排放集中在少數幾處場址，處理這些掩埋場可能帶來不成比例的成效。Because Turkey’s largest detected emissions were concentrated at a few sites, addressing those landfills could deliver disproportionate gains, Scarpelli said.

她說：「只要處理最大型掩埋場，就有這種減少其全國排放的巨大減緩潛力。」她建議採用設計更佳的收集系統，並修復龜裂的覆蓋層或故障的集氣井。“There is this huge mitigation potential by just addressing the largest landfills to reduce their national emissions,” she said, suggesting better-designed collection systems and repairs to cracked covers or faulty gas wells.

UCLA的分析使用Carbon Mapper公開資料，資料來自2025年1月至2026年5月底之間的Tanager-1衛星。The UCLA analysis used public Carbon Mapper data from the Tanager-1 satellite between January 2025 and end-May 2026.

分析顯示，伊斯坦堡以西、塞伊門附近的掩埋場偵測到的平均排放率約為每小時7.4公噸，僅略低於2025年全球名單中排放量最高的掩埋場。It showed an average detected rate of about 7.4 tons an hour from the landfill west of Istanbul near Seymen — just below the highest-emitting landfill on a global list from 2025.

斯卡佩利說：「突出之處在於它的排放量有多大，而且持續維持在高水準。」“What stands out is how big its emissions are and how persistently large they are,” said Scarpelli.

土耳其環境部回應媒體詢問時表示，這些數據並非來自連續量測，不能用來衡量塞伊門掩埋場的年度排放量。In response to a request for comment, Turkey's Environment Ministry said the data were not from continuous measurements and could not be used to measure annual emissions at the Seymen landfill.

環境部表示，土耳其「零廢棄倡議」這項推動回收的政府計畫，目標是減少送往掩埋場的廢棄物，進而降低甲烷排放；並補充說，全國廢棄物「回收利用率」已從2017年的13%升至2025年的37.53%。It said Turkey's Zero Waste Initiative, a government scheme to promote recycling, aims to reduce waste going to landfills, thereby lowering methane emissions, adding that the national "recovery rate" for waste had risen to 37.53% in 2025 from 13% in 2017.

在塞伊門掩埋場，市營業者ISTAC收集掩埋有機物分解時產生的氣體，另有一家能源公司燃燒這些氣體，在一座2020年啟用的電廠發電。At the Seymen landfill, municipal operator ISTAC collects gas produced as buried organic material decomposes, while an energy company burns the gas to generate electricity at a plant opened in 2020.

能源新聞網站Enerji Gunlugu一份2025年報告顯示，該設施每月生產約2萬2000百萬瓦時電力。The facility produces about 22,000 megawatt-hours of electricity a month, according to a 2025 report by energy news website Enerji Gunlugu.

土耳其環境部表示，ISTAC可透過有效收集甲烷發電而獲得經濟利益。ISTAC benefits economically from efficient methane capture to produce electricity, the Environment Ministry said.

ISTAC官員艾申・埃爾丁奇萊爾質疑這些衛星觀測是否能代表該掩埋場的排放情況，稱其通常介於每小時4至6公噸之間，而某一天每小時12公噸的衛星讀數拉高了平均值。ISTAC負責人法提赫・烏古爾表示，在進行該次量測當天，因甲烷收集管線施工，掩埋場約30公頃未覆蓋，低氣壓也導致甲烷濃度較高。ISTAC official Aysen Erdincler disputed whether the satellite observations were representative of the landfill’s emissions, saying they typically ranged between 4 and 6 tons per hour, while a satellite reading of 12 tons per hour on one day had raised the average. ISTAC head Fatih Ugur said about 30 hectares of the landfill had been left uncovered on the day of that measurement while work was carried out on methane-collection pipes, and that low atmospheric pressure had also contributed to a higher concentration of methane.

ISTAC表示，塞伊門場址每天接收約8500公噸家庭垃圾，來自伊斯坦堡平均總量2萬公噸的一部分。研究人員尚不清楚該系統收集了掩埋場甲烷的多少比例，但埃爾丁奇萊爾表示，該場址的甲烷洩漏率通常約為25%。The Seymen site takes some 8,500 tons of household waste daily, from Istanbul's average total of 20,000 tons, according to ISTAC. It is unclear to researchers how much of the landfill's methane the system captures, but Erdincler said methane leaks at the site were usually around 25%.

土耳其未加入甲烷承諾TURKEY ABSENT FROM METHANE PLEDGE

根據世界銀行引用歐盟執委會EDGAR排放資料庫的數據，土耳其廢棄物甲烷排放量在截至2024年的10年間增加近25%，同期全球增幅為6.5%。自2020年以來，土耳其廢棄物排放量每年維持在約2100萬公噸CO2當量。Methane emissions from waste in Turkey rose nearly 25% in the decade to 2024, compared to a global rise of 6.5% over the same period, according to World Bank data based on the European Commission’s EDGAR emissions database. Turkey's waste emissions have remained around 21 million tons of CO2 equivalent annually since 2020.

2021年，「全球甲烷承諾」（GMP）在COP26上啟動，目標是到2030年集體將甲烷排放量較2020年水準減少30%；此後有逾30國支持國家目標。土耳其未列名於該承諾的參與者之中。In 2021, the Global Methane Pledge (GMP) was launched at COP26, seeking a collective 30% cut in methane emissions from 2020 levels by 2030, with more than 30 countries later backing national targets. Turkey is not listed among the pledge’s participants.

總部位於安卡拉的非營利政策與媒體平台D84首席氣候政策研究員塞利姆・耶爾德勒姆表示，土耳其的廢棄物處理比貧窮國家更發達，但其管理、回收與價值回收成效不如歐洲許多地區。Selim Yildirim, chief climate policy researcher at Ankara-based D84, a non-profit policy and media platform, said Turkey had more developed waste disposal than poorer countries but less effective management, recycling and value recovery than much of Europe.

他說，土耳其仍可能在COP31期間加入GMP，但那不保證會有成果。Turkey could still join the GMP during COP31, he said, but that would not guarantee results.

他說：「問題在於你能否有效把它轉化為行動並落實。」他並補充，需要法規來推動營運業者收集並再利用甲烷。"The issue is whether you can effectively turn it into action and implement it,” he said, adding that regulation was needed to push operators to capture and reuse methane.

在距離掩埋場約5公里（3英里）的塞伊門，居民還有另一項擔憂——氣味。甲烷本身無臭，但正在分解的有機廢棄物也會釋放刺鼻化合物。In Seymen, about 5 km (3 miles) from the landfill, residents have another concern — the smell. Methane itself is odourless, but the decomposing organic waste can also release pungent compounds.

46歲理髮師索內爾・杜茲說，夏天時，這股氣味會從為了散熱而打開的窗戶飄進來。In summer, it enters through windows left open against the heat, said Soner Duz, a 46-year-old barber.

他說：「清晨4、5點左右，臭味會突然飄來。它會把你弄醒。」“Around four or five in the morning, the smell suddenly comes," he said. "It wakes you up.”

（阿里・庫楚克格奇門、穆罕默德・埃明・恰勒什坎、圖凡・居姆呂克丘土耳其報導，克里斯蒂安・勒沃布魯塞爾報導，賽門・傑索普倫敦報導；達倫・巴特勒撰稿；艾丹・路易斯編輯）(Reporting by Ali Kucukgocmen, Mehmet Emin Caliskan, Tuvan Gumrukcu in Turkey, Christian Levaux in Brussels and Simon Jessop in London; Writing by Daren Butler; Editing by Aidan Lewis)