民主黨勝選為女性與少數族群帶來歷史性突破

作者：Bianca FlowersBy Bianca Flowers

路透芝加哥11月4日電——美國各地選民週二選出一批締造歷史的女性候選人、有色人種候選人，以及其他來自政治代表性不足群體的政治人物。民主黨藉著選民對總統唐納・川普（Donald Trump）政府不滿的浪潮，在全國取得重大斬獲，也改變了政治領導階層的面貌。CHICAGO, Nov 4 (Reuters) - Voters across the US elected a historic slate of women, candidates of color and other underrepresented politicians on Tuesday, reshaping the face of political leadership as Democrats rode a wave of dissatisfaction with President Donald Trump's administration to major gains nationwide.

民主黨翻轉掌控聯邦眾議院與參議院，同時贏得關鍵的州級選戰，締造一連串具里程碑意義的勝利。Democrats flipped control of both the House of Representatives and Senate while winning key statewide races, delivering a series of milestone victories.

吉娜・伊諾霍薩成為德州首位當選州長的拉丁裔女性；密西根州的阿卜杜勒・埃爾-薩耶德成為首位當選美國聯邦參議員的穆斯林；新墨西哥州的黛布・哈蘭（Deb Haaland）成為首位當選州長的美國原住民女性。在喬治亞州，凱莎・蘭斯・巴頓成為美國州長史上首位當選的黑人女性；澤維爾・貝塞拉則成為加州首位當選州長的拉丁裔。新罕布夏州的克里斯・帕帕斯也寫下歷史，成為首位公開男同志身分並當選美國聯邦參議員的人。Gina Hinojosa became the first Latina elected governor of Texas, Abdul El-Sayed of Michigan the first Muslim elected to the US Senate and Deb Haaland of New Mexico the first Native American woman elected governor. In Georgia, Keisha Lance Bottoms became the first Black woman elected governor of a US state while Xavier Becerra was the first Latino elected as governor of California. Chris Pappas of New Hampshire made history as the first openly gay man elected to the US Senate.

在一個社會邊緣化族群長期代表性不足的國家，這些突破顯示美國政府最高層級中掌握政治權力者的範圍顯著擴大。The breakthroughs marked a striking expansion of who holds political power at the highest levels of American government, in a country where people of marginalized backgrounds have long been underrepresented.

「從東岸到西岸，選民……清楚表達了態度。民主黨現在必須勇敢治理，」喬治亞州前州長候選人史黛西・艾布蘭（Stacey Abrams）在聲明中說。"From coast to coast, voters … spoke with clarity. Democrats must now govern courageously," former Georgia gubernatorial candidate Stacey Abrams said in a statement.

民調專家與政治分析人士表示，民主黨的斬獲似乎來自多項因素交織，包括經濟挫折感，以及選民對伊朗戰爭、關稅、強硬移民執法、政府貪腐觀感與國家整體方向等議題的不滿。Pollsters and political analysts said the Democratic gains appeared to stem from a combination of economic frustration and dissatisfaction with the Iran war, tariffs, aggressive immigration enforcement, perceived government corruption and the country's broader direction, among other issues.

分析人士、民權領袖與基層選民組織表示，民主黨在深度保守州取得意外進展，顯示該黨在重建傳統聯盟支持的同時，也吸引了共和黨人。黑人與拉丁裔選民在近幾輪選舉週期中，已成為各政黨日益積極爭取的選民群體。Democrats made unexpected gains in deeply conservative states, suggesting the party attracted Republicans while rebuilding support within its traditional coalition, analysts, civil rights leaders and grassroots voter organizations said. Black and Latino voters had become increasingly contested constituencies in recent election cycles.

「你不能把這個國家的西語裔選民、黑人選民、年輕選民視為理所當然；如果我們沒有交出成果，他們可能立刻又轉回右邊，」民主黨策略師巴卡里・塞勒斯（Bakari Sellers）說。"You can't take for granted the Hispanic voters in this country, the Black voters in this country, the young voters in this country, and if we don't deliver, they can swing right back," said Democratic strategist Bakari Sellers.

研究民意的范德堡大學政治學者約翰・吉爾（John Geer）表示，民主黨在傾向共和黨的州取得勝利，有助於翻轉眾議院與參議院，也顯示選民對共和黨領導階層出現更廣泛反彈。Democratic victories in Republican-leaning states helped flip the House and Senate and signaled a broader voter backlash against Republican leadership, said Vanderbilt University political scientist John Geer, who studies public opinion.

「這是一場我們很久沒見過的老派慘敗，」吉爾說。共和黨人在2024年做出一連串承諾，「但幾乎沒有一項兌現。這就是民眾對此的反應。」"It's an old-fashioned thumping that we haven't seen in quite a while," Geer said. Republicans made a series of promises in 2024, "and almost none of them were kept. This is the public's reaction to it."

總部位於密爾瓦基的公民參與組織Souls to the Polls執行長葛雷格・路易斯（Greg Lewis）表示，住房、醫療、食品與燃料成本上升等經濟憂慮，跨越了種族與政治界線。Economic concerns, including the rising costs of housing, healthcare, food and fuel, cut across racial and political lines, said Greg Lewis, executive director of Souls to the Polls, a Milwaukee-based civic engagement organization.

路易斯投票支持威斯康辛州民主黨人戴維・克勞利（David Crowley），也就是該州首位黑人當選州長。他說，選民對家庭面臨的經濟壓力感到挫折。Lewis, who voted for Wisconsin Democrat David Crowley, the state's first Black governor-elect, said voters were frustrated with the economic pressures facing their families.

「當你開始動到人們的荷包時，你就有麻煩了，」路易斯說。"When you start getting into people's pockets, you have a problem," Lewis said.

在德州，伊諾霍薩擊敗州長葛瑞格・艾波特（Greg Abbott），終結共和黨對州長職位長達31年的掌控。民主黨人詹姆斯・塔拉里科在美國聯邦參議員選戰中擊敗共和黨人肯・帕克斯頓（Ken Paxton），在2024年川普輕鬆拿下的這個州，締造當晚最大驚奇之一。In Texas, Hinojosa's defeat of Governor Greg Abbott ended a 31-year Republican hold on the governor's office. Democrat James Talarico defeated Republican Ken Paxton in the US Senate race, delivering one of the night's biggest surprises in a state Trump carried comfortably in 2024.

根據《Jewish Herald-Voice》，民主黨人強・羅森塔爾（Jon Rosenthal）贏得德州鐵路委員會一席，成為首位當選州級行政職位的猶太裔候選人。Democrat Jon Rosenthal won a seat on the Railroad Commission of Texas, becoming the first Jewish candidate elected to statewide executive office, according to the Jewish Herald-Voice.

「我們都抱有希望，但看見它實現，令人屏息，」德州居民、Partnership With Native Americans主席約書亞・阿爾塞（Joshua Arce）說。他表示，選舉結果反映共和黨未能向選民提出有說服力的政策議程。"We all had hope, but to see it come to fruition is breathtaking," said Joshua Arce, a Texas resident and president of Partnership With Native Americans. He said the results reflected a Republican Party that had failed to offer voters a compelling policy agenda.

這場選舉在代表性上的收穫並不僅限於民主黨。在佛羅里達州，共和黨籍聯邦眾議員拜倫・唐納茲（Byron Donalds）成為該州史上首位當選的黑人州長。The election's gains in representation were not limited to Democrats. In Florida, US Representative Byron Donalds, a Republican, became the first Black governor elected in the state's history.

共和黨策略師、川普支持者梅利克・阿卜杜勒（Melik Abdul）表示，這項結果凸顯該黨對多元、公平與共融倡議的批評，與黑人共和黨人日益突出之間的緊張關係。Melik Abdul, a Republican strategist and Trump supporter, said the result underscored tensions between the party's criticism of diversity, equity and inclusion initiatives and the growing prominence of Black Republicans.

「共和黨人過去一年把DEI和黑人連結在一起，還把黑人描繪成不適任。諷刺的是，一名黑人最後成了共和黨取得的最大勝利，」阿卜杜勒說。"Republicans spent the last year linking DEI to Black people and the idea that they were unqualified. How ironic that a Black guy ends up being the biggest win that Republicans had," Abdul said.

從代表性走向影響力FROM REPRESENTATION TO INFLUENCE

但專家提醒，選舉突破不會自動轉化為更大的政治影響力、長久的政策改變或制度改革。But experts cautioned that electoral breakthroughs do not automatically translate into greater political influence, lasting policy changes or institutional reform.

政治專家表示，新當選官員能否形塑立法、掌控國會委員會議程、引導政府支出並影響政黨領導層，將取決於他們進入的制度、建立的聯盟，以及其所屬政黨內部的權力平衡。The ability of newly elected officials to shape legislation, control congressional committee agendas, direct government spending and influence party leadership will depend on the institutions they enter, the coalitions they build and the balance of power within their parties, political experts said.

喬治城大學女性與性別研究主任娜迪亞・布朗（Nadia Brown）表示，在國會黑人連線與更廣泛的民主黨內部，新一批國會議員湧入，可能暴露出世代緊張關係：一方是握有重要領導職與委員會職位的既有成員，另一方則是希望在形塑政黨議程上扮演更大角色的年輕議員。Within the Congressional Black Caucus and the Democratic Party more broadly, an influx of new lawmakers could expose generational tensions between established members who hold influential leadership and committee positions and younger lawmakers seeking a greater role in shaping the party's agenda, said Nadia Brown, director of women's and gender studies at Georgetown University.

「我認為將會發生的事、我們已經看到的事是，很遺憾，年長成員和擔任領導職務的人會打壓黨內年輕一代，而這正是我真正擔心的，」布朗說。"What I think is going to happen, what we've seen is, unfortunately, is that the older members and those in leadership will cannibalize their young, and that's what I'm really concerned about," Brown said.

布朗表示，許多社群長期面臨的障礙，尤其是黑人女性失業問題，不太可能只因為有更多女性與有色人種當選公職就消失。Brown said longstanding barriers facing many communities, especially unemployment for Black women, are unlikely to disappear simply because more women and people of color won office.

「一紙命令造成的破壞，無法靠另一紙命令修復，因此重建需要時間，」布朗說。"What was broken by a stroke of a pen cannot be fixed with another, and so it's going to take time to rebuild," Brown said.

（Kat Stafford與Cynthia Osterman編輯）(Editing by Kat Stafford and Cynthia Osterman)