獨家：紀錄顯示，具軍方背景的中國大學無視美國黑名單採購輝達H200晶片

Eduardo Baptista報導By Eduardo Baptista

北京11月11日（路透社）— 採購紀錄顯示，一所與中國人民解放軍關係密切的中國大學，儘管被列入美國出口黑名單，上月仍購買了輝達強大的H200 AI晶片，凸顯華府限制中國取得先進科技的努力存在漏洞。BEIJING, Nov 11 (Reuters) - A Chinese university with deep ties to the People's Liberation Army bought Nvidia's powerful H200 AI chips last month despite being on a US export blacklist, procurement records show, highlighting gaps in Washington's efforts to curb China's access to advanced technology.

這項發現出爐之際，輝達及其執行長黃仁勳在華府正面臨日益嚴格的檢視；此前有報導指稱，黃仁勳曾是一項中國間諜行動的目標，而他也一直為放寬對中國銷售AI晶片限制進行遊說。The findings come as Nvidia and its CEO Jensen Huang face mounting scrutiny in Washington over his lobbying for looser restrictions on sales of AI chips to China, following reports alleging he was targeted by a Chinese spying operation.

黃仁勳主張，美國持續對中國銷售可維持美國的科技領導地位，並讓中國客戶繼續仰賴美國技術。但一些美國國會議員表示，取得輝達最強大的AI晶片，可能加速中國為武器設計、情報分析與軍事現代化開發AI系統。Huang has argued that continued US sales to China would preserve American technological leadership and keep Chinese customers reliant on US technology. But some US lawmakers say access to Nvidia's most powerful AI chips can speed China's development of AI systems for weapons design, intelligence analysis and military modernisation.

美國國會民主、共和兩黨議員都敦促加強管制中國取得先進AI晶片，例如要求晶片追蹤，並加強國會對出口的監督。三名共和黨籍國會委員會主席已要求11月18日與黃仁勳舉行簡報會，討論據報他與一名被指稱為中國情報人員者的接觸。Both Democrats and Republicans in Congress have urged stronger controls on China's access to advanced AI chips, such as chip-tracking requirements and greater congressional oversight of exports. Three Republican congressional committee chairmen have requested a briefing with Huang on November 18 over his reported contacts with an alleged Chinese intelligence operative.

根據西北工業大學網站上一份10月21日的採購紀錄，該校上月以87萬4700元人民幣（12萬3000美元）購買了兩顆H200晶片。Northwestern Polytechnical University bought two H200 chips last month for 874,700 yuan ($123,000), according to an October 21 procurement record on its website.

西北工業大學是中國大學「國防七子」之一，受到美國制裁，且過去曾為北京進行國防相關研究。Northwestern is a member of the "Seven Sons of National Defense" group of Chinese universities under U.S. sanctions and with a history of conducting defence-related research for Beijing.

紀錄顯示，這些晶片是為該校管理學院採購，供應商是陝西博算網路科技，而非直接向輝達購買。The chips were purchased for its management school from Shaanxi Bosuan Network Technology rather than directly from Nvidia, the record shows.

H200是輝達用於訓練和運行先進AI系統的最有能力晶片之一，並須取得美國出口許可核准；對西北工業大學這類遭列黑名單機構的申請，通常會遭拒。The H200 is among Nvidia's most capable chips for training and running advanced AI systems and is subject to US export licence approvals, which are normally denied for blacklisted institutions such as Northwestern Polytechnical.

採購紀錄顯示，西北工業大學今年也透過五份租用中國企業運算能力的合約，取得H200晶片及其他高效能輝達AI處理器的使用權。Northwestern Polytechnical also bought access this year to H200 chips and other powerful Nvidia AI processors through five contracts for rented computing capacity from Chinese companies, procurement records show.

路透社是首次報導這些晶片採購與運算合約。西北工業大學、輝達，以及負責監督出口管制的美國商務部工業暨安全局，均未回應採訪請求。路透社無法確定陝西博算網路科技的聯絡資訊。Reuters is reporting the chip purchases and computing contracts for the first time. Northwestern Polytechnical, Nvidia and the US Commerce Department's Bureau of Industry and Security, which oversees export controls, did not respond to requests for comment. Reuters could not determine contact details for Shaanxi Bosuan Network Technology.

貿易黑名單TRADE BLACKLIST

西北工業大學位於中國西北部城市西安，從事與軍用飛機、飛彈和衛星相關的研究。Based in the northwestern city of Xian, Northwestern Polytechnical conducts research related to military aircraft, missiles and satellites.

美國商務部於2001年將該大學列入俗稱「實體清單」的貿易黑名單，理由是其涉嫌參與飛彈擴散活動及軍事研究。美國商務部在2019年收緊限制，使受管制美國技術出口至該校的許可，在多數情況下適用推定拒絕政策。The US Commerce Department added the university to its trade blacklist, known as the Entity List, in 2001 over its alleged involvement in missile-proliferation activities and military research. It tightened the restrictions in 2019, making licences for exports of controlled US technology to the university subject to a policy of denial in most circumstances.

西北工業大學的採購顯示，與軍方有關聯的中國機構如何持續透過國內供應商取得美國AI運算能力，方式包括直接購買晶片，或租用內含這些晶片的伺服器使用權。Northwestern Polytechnical's purchases show how Chinese institutions with military ties continue to obtain US AI computing power through domestic suppliers, either by buying chips outright or renting access to servers containing them.

路透社檢視今年26份中國採購與企業紀錄後發現，多所大學和研究機構透過國內供應商，購買受到美國限制的輝達晶片，或租用使用此類晶片、由輝達供應運算能力的運算服務。其中數所機構與中國國防工業或軍事研究關係密切。A Reuters review of 26 Chinese procurement and corporate records from this year found universities and research institutions buying US-restricted Nvidia chips or renting access to Nvidia-powered computing services that use such chips through domestic suppliers. Several had close links to China's defence industry or military research.

紀錄中提及的大學均未回應採訪請求。The universities named in the records did not respond to requests for comment.

供軍事相關研究使用的輝達晶片NVIDIA CHIPS FOR MILITARY-LINKED RESEARCH

美國總統川普政府1月開始允許部分H200逐案出口至中國。但該政策並未解除適用於西北工業大學等實體清單組織的個別限制。US President Donald Trump's administration began allowing some H200 exports to China on a case-by-case basis in January. But that policy did not lift the separate restrictions applying to Entity List organisations such as Northwestern Polytechnical.

1月的許可規則也要求採取防護措施，防止黑名單實體和軍事最終使用者遠端存取依該政策出口的晶片；該政策涵蓋H200處理器及較低階型號。The January licensing rules also require safeguards to prevent blacklisted entities and military end-users from remotely accessing chips exported under the policy, which covers H200 processors and less advanced models.

除管理學院直接購買兩顆H200晶片外，採購紀錄顯示，該校網路安全學院1月授予兩份為期7個月的合約，取得內含各8顆H200晶片的伺服器使用權。這兩份合約金額分別為44萬1700元人民幣和44萬1000元人民幣，內容涵蓋AI模型微調與強化學習訓練。In addition to the management school's outright purchase of the two H200 chips, procurement records show the university's cybersecurity school awarded two seven-month contracts in January for access to servers containing eight H200 chips each. The contracts, worth 441,700 yuan and 441,000 yuan, covered fine-tuning AI models and reinforcement-learning training.

該校也租用了內含8顆輝達A100晶片和8顆A800晶片的伺服器使用權。A100與A800均被禁止出口給所有中國實體，不過在西北工業大學採購紀錄所提到的晶片中，H200是最先進的一款。It also rented access to servers containing eight Nvidia A100 chips and eight A800 chips. The A100 and A800 are banned from export to all Chinese entities, though the H200 is the most advanced of those cited in Northwestern Polytechnical's procurement records.

4月，該校另一所研究院以37萬5000元人民幣的合約，購買需要至少24顆A100晶片的運算服務，用於結構與流體動力學模擬。In April, another university institute bought computing services requiring at least 24 A100 chips in a 375,000 yuan contract for structural and fluid-dynamics simulations.

這些採購案由數家知名度不高的中國科技供應商得標。紀錄中幾乎沒有提供處理器來源，或租用伺服器運作地點的資訊。The awards went to several little-known Chinese technology suppliers. The records offered scant information about where the processors originated or where the rented servers operated.

根據中國法律，公共採購機構在宣布得標者並簽署合約前，必須確認供應商能履行訂單。Under Chinese law, public procurement agencies must verify that suppliers can fulfil orders before announcing winning bidders and signing contracts.

更廣泛的市場A WIDER MARKET

這些採購紀錄顯示，中國大學存在一個更廣泛的市場，交易受限制的輝達AI晶片及運算服務。The procurement records show a wider market for restricted Nvidia AI chips and computing services at Chinese universities.

紀錄顯示，深圳大學9月以76萬9800元人民幣購買3顆H100處理器；H100是另一款遭美國禁售的高階輝達AI晶片。武漢理工大學6月以35萬5000元人民幣購買一台內含H100晶片的伺服器，並在另一筆34萬4000元人民幣的採購中購買4顆A100晶片。Shenzhen University bought three H100 processors, another high-end Nvidia AI chip banned by the US, for 769,800 yuan in September. Wuhan University of Technology bought a server containing an H100 chip for 355,000 yuan in June and four A100 chips in a separate 344,000 yuan purchase, the records show.

同為國防七子之一的北京航空航天大學4月以48萬9000元人民幣購買4顆A800處理器。北京航空航天大學與中國航太及國防產業關係密切，並為軍事航空和太空計畫進行研究。Beihang University, another of the Seven Sons of National Defense universities, bought four A800 processors for 489,000 yuan in April. Beihang has close ties to China's aerospace and defence industries and conducts research for military aviation and space programmes.

7月和9月的兩則政府採購公告，列出獲選向中國科學院大學提供運算服務的供應商，服務使用的是受到限制不得出口至中國的輝達H800與A800晶片。其中一則列明H800使用權價格為每晶片小時10元人民幣。另一起1月的採購得標公告，列出一家供應商為深圳一家公共機構提供6顆A100晶片，價值48萬4800元人民幣。Two government procurement announcements in July and September named suppliers selected to provide computing services using Nvidia H800 and A800 chips restricted from export to China to the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences. One listed H800 access at 10 yuan per chip-hour. A separate January procurement award named a supplier of six A100 chips worth 484,800 yuan for a Shenzhen-based public institution.

路透社此前曾報導，中國機構透過國內經銷商，取得嵌入美超微電腦、戴爾和技嘉所製伺服器的受限制輝達晶片。路透社也曾記錄中國存在一個地下市場，交易來自海外庫存與第三國中介的受限制輝達晶片。Reuters has previously reported that Chinese institutions acquired restricted Nvidia chips embedded in servers made by Super Micro Computer, Dell and Gigabyte through domestic resellers. Reuters has also documented an underground market in China for restricted Nvidia chips sourced from overseas inventories and third-country intermediaries.

上週，路透社報導，少量H200晶片已透過間接管道流入中國，而北京則暫緩批准大規模進口。Last week, Reuters reported that small quantities of H200 chips had reached China through indirect routes while Beijing withheld approval for large-scale imports.

（Eduardo Baptista報導；Jamie Freed編輯）(Reporting by Eduardo Baptista; Editing by Jamie Freed)